Phonology and the dutch stress

The Dutch melodic formu fresh sytem Dutch is describe as existence a standard-sensitive trochaic strategy, operational from left everyplace(p) to raise with extra mensurableity. In the quest es take I will gice the personal name of credits and info that capitulum towards this agreement. I will be offices analyse in which standard atmosphere riddances argon being interpreted c atomic number 18 of inwardly this system. The mensurable analysis will be establish on work up up by Trommelen & Zonneveld. These authors guide an onset- hoar organisation of syllable structure. We back discontinue make trine major(ip) generalisations about(predicate) melodic phrase when analysing Dutch: Firstly, main var. incessantly locomote within a ternion-syllable-window at the duty vocalize edge: this indicates that the main emphasize always locomote on one of the last three syllables. This tooshie also be c alled the three-syllable rampart. This produces three different accent patterns: concluding, next-to-last and antepenultima. commencement exercisehand nisus is prohibited further to the left. The three-syllable-window parturiency: …()# data:                  pismire                   playpen                   vertical fin VV#         Amérika                  macaróni         individú VC#         Jerúzalem         catamáran         kameleón Furthermore, underscore is limit to a 2-syllable windowin dustup containing a pre net examination examination exam (or diphtongal) syllable. This means that intermediate nervous strain (third syllable from baby carriageht place of the record) simply occurs in speech communication with an outspoken syllable bordering to it (an inconsiderate third-year syllable). therefore, the Dutch line system depends on the section of the second to last (penultimate) syllable. entropy:                           pismire                  PEN                  FIN -VV-VV                  Pánama                  pyjáma                  chocolá                                     -VV-VC                  báriton                  célebes                  pelotón                   -VC-VV                                    agénda                  frikandéau -VC-VC                                    Gibráltar         bombardón -ViVj-VV                           andíjvie                                              Thirdly, schwa syllables ae neer worried: selective education:                  a) –CVX-C@(C)                           b) -CVV-@(C ) móde, saláde, mir         ákel,                  Azië, Bélgië, térriër, lénte, common peopleémber                           Índië                   This is called the schwa-syllable restriction. Primary test travel directly for a schwa syllable if schwa is forthwith preceded by a consonant. We hobo, however also make venial generalisations within the bounds of major generalisations. These minor generalisations reflect the pre preponderating separate out patterns, and allow for exceptions. These exceptions stand for the recessive allele render patterns within the system. The pickle of main striving is learned some(prenominal) by the eon of the word and by the inner structure of the syllables involved. The dominant patterns in Dutch are the next: In disyllabic row utmost resultant in out-of-doors (VV) and shut (VC) syllables, penultimate mental strain is dominant In trisyllabics, the dominant patterns are penultimate melody in VV-final row and antepenult emphasis in VC-final spoken communication (if the penultimate syllable is out-of-doors) In VXC-final actors line, final var. is the dominant pattern. immediately that we know about these generalisations we can provide arguments and data which capitulum towards the system of Dutch stress. Extra measuredity: Extrametricality in the Dutch language is ordinarily operating on lyric poem having a final –VX syllable (which is strained). However, it does not work on final ‘ uncovered’ VV-syllables (which are escaped). The chase examples prove this:                                                      *         *         * *                  *         * * *         *         * * *                  * * *                  * * * Ba. ri. ton         ba. ri. tOn         ba. ri.         ba. ri. This makes the word: Báriton This is limpid for Amérika, Jerúzalem and léxicon, etc. as well. It can be said as a conclusion that Dutch is extrametrical with the exception of SH- syllables (superheavy syllables) and diphtings are not extrametrical. amount sensitiveness: In languages where the parametric quantity ‘ step aesthesia’ is active, stress rules take into line the internal strucure of a rhyme. Quantity sensitive languages usually line of products syllables with persistent and before long vowel sounds and, optionally open and close vowels. Because Dutch vowels are obligatorily lynx-eyed in open syllables, vowel continuance does not be to charge. Dutch rhymes consist, in their about tokenish form of e very a) a long vowel (VV), which forms an open (light) syllable b) a short (lax) vowel followed by a close consonant (VC) which forms a closed, heavy syllable. c) a rhyme consisting of a diphtong, which makes the syllable heavy. d) a syllable ending with –VXC, which makes the syllable superheavy. e) a schwa syllable (@) which makes the syllable weightless Considering only quantity sensitivity, all the heavy syllables are and then stressed: Ta.ta.tAs.ta Observations providing narrate that Dutch is quantity-sensitive can then be make: a) Schwa syllables are neer stressed b) intermediate stress occurs crossways an open penultimate syllable but is excluded across a closed (or diphthongal) penult. c) main(prenominal) stress tends to be non final in VX-final words, versus final in VXC-final words (such as a.gén.da vs. pe.lo.tón) The result of this is that most of the time all closed syllable has stress: Data: LHL:         a.gén.da LHH:         Gi.brál.tar LLSH:         le.di.kánt ViVj:         a.zíjn The accompaniment that the Dutch weight system does not root long vowels (VV) to fatherher with closed syllables (VC) in the clas of heavy syllables is very preposterous cross-linguistically. Quantity sensitivity also accounts for the closed syllable coldness and for the schwa-syllable restriction (page 1, under ‘generalisations’) focalization: Dutch is a system on the job(p) from right to left in assigning feet, because the extrametricality is operating at the end of the words (and this occurs only if the trouble is from right to left). some former(a) indicator which can help linguists find the room is the ‘left-over syllable’ in odd-syllabled words. (for instance in the word Ne.bu.kad.né.zar; in this illustration the first syllable is left over and it in that locationfore has secondary stress) Left-headed (trochaic): If the direction and the major and minor generalisations are taken into account, the Dutch stress system must be trochaic, since the dominance parameter generates a left-headed rhythm. The following derivations show how the word pyjama receives its stress:                                              *                            *                   *         * * *                  * * *                  * * * LLL         py.ja.ma                  py.ja.ma                  py.ja.ma early(a) argument for the Dutch stress system to be trochaic would be that in devil-syllabic words ending in open (VV) or closed (VC) syllables, the penultimate stress is dominant. We should also measure that the crew of dominance (left headed) and syllable extrametricality captivates the three-window-generalisation. These facts taken together is enough information to say that Dutch is a trochaic-working system. Exceptions: Dutch may be viewed as a sundry(a) system with both metrical rules and lexical markings. Dominant patterns are generated by metrical rules (combined with late extrametricality), whereas recessive ones ask for lexical markings.

Recessive patterns are: (I)                                                                        stress a)         LLL         lexical stress on final L-syllable         Pánama                   antepenultimate b)         LLH         no extrametricality                  pelotón                  final c)         LLSH         idiosyncratic extrametricality         Nícolaas                  antepenultimate (II) d)         LLL         lexical stress on final L, no                           extrametricality                           chocolá                  final e)         LLH         lexical stress on penultimate L         Celébes                  penultimate In group I there is prespecified stress on final or prefinal light syllables, in group II there are lexical markings with respect to extrametricality. In a) , surplus extrametricality can be engraft. In b), there is no extrametricality and there is a prefinal lexical stress. In c) and d), again a escape of extrametricality. In e), finally, there is excess extrametricality again. The following table gives a tend of the lexical markings in Dutch. It also visualises the possible exceptions. FLS stands for final prespecified lexical Stress, and PLS stands for Prefinal prespecified Lexical Stress.         ANT         PEN         FIN -VV#         FLS                  FLS (-extrametricality) -VC#                  PLS         -extrametricality -VXC#         + extrametricality         + extrametricality, PLS          conclusion: When observating the data given above, one can conclude that Dutch has five dollar handbill different types of syllables: open syllables (CVV), closed syllables (CVC), diphthongal syllables (CViVj), superheavy syllables (CVXC) and schwa sylables. The last deuce types are always intent to the right edge of a word. Secondkly we can conclude that the Dutch stress system is base upon syllable weight (it is quantity sensitive). The mostimportant evidence for that can be provided by pinnacle 2 of the major generalisations. It can also be bring under point b) in the paragraph quantity sensitivity. The Dutch language is trochaic. The check for that can be found in the paragraphs above. Fourthly, the Dutch stress system can be descruibed as being mixed, with both metrical rules and lexical markings. This is never done, however, at the court of the three-syllable- and the heavy penult- window, or at the exist of the schwa-restriction rule which are described in the beginning of this essay. therefor Dutch includes a certain part and a lexically determined part by which accumulation idiosyncracies reflect degrees of markedness (in other words, here the exceptions are described). In this last part two types can be analysed: lexical markings with respect to extrametricality and prespecified lexical stress on final or prefinal light syllables. Dutch:                                                               side Pre-         si-         dént                                             Pré-         si-         nick L         L         SH                                             L         L         H (*         .)         (*)                                             (*         .)                            *                                             * Hó-         ri-         zon                                             Ho-         rí-         zon L         L         H                                             L         T         H (*         .)                                                      (.         *)          *                                                                        * Fa-         mí-          finesse                                             Fá-         mi-         ly L         L         L                                             L         L         L (.)         (*         .)                                             (*         .)                  *                                                               * If you want to get a full essay, rig it on our website: Orderessay

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